Recent heavy rainfall has filled the Vaal Dam, Gauteng’s largest reservoir, to full capacity, prompting authorities to open a sluice gate on March 20, 2025, to manage rapidly rising water levels. Despite this abundance, many residents across Johannesburg and surrounding areas continue to experience severe water shortages. This troubling contradiction highlights systemic issues in water infrastructure management, distribution inefficiencies, and delays in critical projects intended to secure the province’s future water supply.
The Infrastructure Paradox
Ward 56 Councillor Michael Crichton emphasized that the abundance of water in the Vaal Dam is overshadowed by extensive water loss due to non-revenue water issues. Leaking pipes, burst water mains, and illegal connections result in massive water wastage, severely impacting reliable distribution. Routine water testing plays a critical role in identifying leaks, contaminants, and weaknesses in the water distribution network, enabling timely interventions and preventing further wastage.
Johannesburg Water spokesperson Nombuso Tshabalala acknowledged these infrastructure challenges, underscoring the urgent need for infrastructure upgrades, better maintenance, and strategic management to cope with the rapid population growth and aging distribution networks.
Socio-Economic Drought
Wisane Mavasa from the Department of Water and Sanitation clarified that high dam levels do not directly correlate with fewer water outages. Factors like poor maintenance and illegal connections disrupt consistent water distribution. Water expert Carin Bosman described the situation as a “socio-economic drought,” attributing ongoing shortages to institutional failures, mismanagement, and chronic underinvestment rather than actual water scarcity.
Lesotho Highlands Water Project Delays
Exacerbating the crisis, the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP)—a crucial bi-national initiative meant to supplement Gauteng’s water supply—faces repeated delays. Originally planned for completion by 2027, the project’s second phase has now been postponed until 2029. As of February 2025, overall progress reached just 48%, falling significantly short of targets. Construction of the critical Polihali Dam component, central to the project’s success, currently stands at only 24%, behind schedule by 6%.
These delays limit Gauteng’s access to an additional 2,000 million cubic meters of water annually, placing further stress on the province’s already struggling infrastructure.
Government Response and Investment Initiatives
Recognizing the severity of the crisis, President Cyril Ramaphosa recently announced plans to invest over R940 billion in infrastructure within the next three years, with R375 billion specifically allocated to state-owned entities involved in water and sanitation. A key element of this strategy is the establishment of the National Water Resource Infrastructure Agency, intended to expedite critical water infrastructure projects and management.
Further engagements are underway with financial institutions to secure approximately R100 billion focused specifically on water infrastructure and sanitation projects, emphasizing the government’s commitment to addressing this crisis comprehensively.
Latest Developments at the Vaal Dam
On March 20, 2025, the Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) opened one sluice gate at the Vaal Dam, releasing between 110 to 130 cubic meters per second (m³/s) to stabilize the dam at a safe operational level of 105% capacity. Previously opened outlet valves releasing smaller volumes proved insufficient. Downstream, at Bloemhof Dam, outflows were increased to 250 m³/s to accommodate anticipated additional flows from the Vaal Dam. The DWS is closely monitoring water levels at both dams to ensure effective management and safety.
The Way Forward
Effectively resolving Gauteng’s ongoing water crisis requires a multi-pronged approach that includes accelerated completion of projects like the LHWP, extensive infrastructure upgrades, rigorous management reforms, and community engagement to encourage responsible water use. Regular water testing and monitoring must also be prioritized, providing essential data to inform infrastructure improvements and ensure that Gauteng’s water remains safe and reliable. The current paradox of full dams yet dry taps serves as an urgent reminder of the need for proactive, sustained, and collaborative efforts to ensure Gauteng’s long-term water security.